| Types of Language Instruction Educational Programs |
| Language(s) of Instruction |
Typical Program Names |
Native Language of Students |
Language(s) of Content Instruction |
Language Arts Instruction |
Linguistic Goal of Program |
| English and the Native Language |
Two-Way Bilingual Education, Bilingual Immersion, or Dual Language Immersion |
Ideally, 50% of English-Speaking and 50% LEP Students Sharing Same Native Language |
Both English and the Native Language |
English and the Native Language |
Bilingualism |
| Late-Exit or Developmental Bilingual Education |
All Students Speak the Same Native Language |
Both; at First, Mostly the Native Language is Used. Instruction Through English Increases as Students Gain Proficiency |
English and the Native Language |
Bilingualism |
| Early-Exit or Transitional Bilingual Education |
All Students Speak the Same Native Language |
Both at the Beginning, With Quick Progression to All or Most Instruction Through English |
English; Native Language Skills are Developed Only to Assist Transition to English |
English Acquisition; Rapid Transfer Into English-Only Classroom |
| English |
Sheltered English, Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE), Structured Immersion, or Content-Based ESL |
Students Can Share the Same Native Language or be From Different Language Backgrounds |
English Adapted to the Students’ Proficiency Level, and Supplemented by Gestures and Visual Aids |
English |
English Acquisition |
| Pull-Out ESL |
Students Can Share the Same Native Language or be From Different Language Backgrounds; Students May be Grouped with All Ages and Grade Levels |
English Adapted to the Students’ Proficiency Level, and Supplemented by Gestures and Visual Aids |
English; Students Leave their English-Only Classroom to Spend Part of Their Day Receiving ESL Instruction |
English Acquisition |
| Non-English (Foreign) Language |
Foreign Language Program |
English |
Foreign/Target Language is the Only Content Area Taught |
Foreign/Target Language |
Foreign/Second Language Acquisition |
| Foreign Language Immersion (Full or Partial) |
English |
Foreign/Target Language |
Foreign/Target Language and English |
Bilingualism |
| Native Language |
Heritage Language |
English, with Non-English Language Background and/or Proficiency; or Non-English Language Speaker. All Students Share Same Non-English Language. |
Target Languages the Primary Content Area Taught |
Target Language |
Bilingualism |
| Adapted from Zelasko and Antunez, 2000 |